introducing additional information when describing actions, people and objects by using a range of prepositions, including articulated prepositions and special uses of a, di and da, for example, Pratico il nuoto da 6 anni. Hai una faccia da schiaffi! Fatto a mano!

using pronouns to refer to the person carrying out an action or to refer to somebody or something, for example, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, direct and indirect object pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and exposure to ci/vi, ne

using adverbs and adverbial phrases of manner, place and time to modify the meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, proprio, troppo, abbastanza, specialmente, soprattutto, spesso, quasi mai, nemmeno, neanche

recognising the impersonal si in modelled and commonly used contexts, for example, Si parla italiano.

connecting or elaborating clauses by using conjunctions, including siccome, invece, sebbene, nonostante, anche, dunque, quindi, cioè

constructing compound sentences, for example, Il film che ho visto ieri era favoloso!

understanding that in Italian, subject pronouns may be omitted, for example, Mia sorella è ritornata tardi/ È ritornata tardi.

using cohesive devices to link, clarify, contrast, relate or sequence ideas and modify meaning in written and spoken texts, for example, Non avevo più soldi, quindi sono tornato a casa.